A large insurance company hired a new CEO who concluded that among the company’s main problems was a lack of innovation. He launched multiple programs to increase innovation including various campaigns to reward innovation (suggestion boxes, prizes for new ideas) yet received little response. Why? A number of employee focus groups were launched to analyze the problem. In reviewing the company’s history it was revealed that past success was based on a tightly structured system of figuring out the best solution to any given problem, documenting the solution, putting all of the solutions into large manuals organized by every conceivable kind of problem that could arise, and systematically rewarding employees for using the rules written out in the manuals.
Over the years, employees had learned that the road to success was to apply the rules. The number of manuals grew to cover every new situation that arose. Employees who did not like to work in this kind of rule-bound, structured environment were encouraged to leave the organization, leading to a workforce that was comfortable in the structured environment. Previous CEOs had glorified this system of working, and indeed it had been highly successful in building the company. It came to be taken for granted that the best way to work was to follow the rules in the manuals.
Given the situation it is not surprising that the program failed. But how could the CEO have done any better?
To understand the options, let’s first see a simple and useful model of how human brain works. According to this model the human brain has two independent systems or processes of thinking at work all the time. The first one is intuitive and emotional. It is the part that makes you duck when a ball is thrown at you unexpectedly or makes you nervous when your airplane hits turbulence. The second part is the one that plans, analyzes and looks into the future. It is the part that makes a new years resolution that you will go for a morning walk three times a week.
Chip and Dan Heath use an analogy for this model in their bestselling book Switch which I like. In this analogy the emotional side is like an Elephant and deliberating side is like a Rider. Perched atop the Elephant, the Rider holds the reins and seems to be the leader. But the Rider’s control is precarious because the Rider is so small compared to the Elephant. Anytime the six-ton Elephant and the Rider disagree about which direction to go, the Rider is going to lose. He is completely overmatched.
Elephant carries all the baggage from the past like the employees of this insurance company which are habituated to “following the rules”. Even if the Rider gets an idea, the Elephant would ask the question, “Where is the rule?” One option is to shape the path for the Elephant and make the new direction easy. In fact, Edgar Schein who narrates this story in “Corporate culture survival guide” suggests following: “Every month every department had to invent three new ways of doing things and write up a manual to that effect!!!” The Elephant may still feel like doing the old way and in a slightly different way. Behaviroral economist Richard Thaler calls this a “Nudge”.